I Introduction
==============

I.1 Processes and threads: in underlying OS and in Windows
----------------------------------------------------------
Before going into the depths of debugging in Wine, here's a small
overview of process and thread handling in Wine. It has to be clear
that there are two different beasts: processes/threads from the Unix
point of view and processes/threads from a Windows point of view.

Each Windows' thread is implemented as a Unix process (under Linux
using the clone syscall), meaning that all threads of a same Windows'
process share the same (unix) address space.

In the following:
+ W-process means a process in Windows' terminology
+ U-process means a process in Unix' terminology
+ W-thread means a thread in Windows' terminology

A W-process is made of one or several W-threads.
Each W-thread is mapped to one and only one U-process. All U-processes 
of a same W-process share the same address space.

Each Unix process can be identified by two values:
- the Unix process id (upid in the following)
- the Windows's thread id (tid)
Each Windows' process has also a Windows' process (wpid in the
following). It must be clear that upid and wpid are different and
shall not be used instead of the other.

Wpid and tid are defined (Windows) system wide. They must not be
confused with process or thread handles which, as any handle, is an
indirection to a system object (in this case process or thread). A
same process can have several different handles on the same kernel
object. The handles can be defined as local (the values is only valid
in a process), or system wide (the same handle can be used by any
W-process).


I.2 Wine, debugging and WineDbg
-------------------------------
When talking of debugging in Wine, there are at least two levels to
think of:
+ the Windows' debugging API.
+ the Wine integrated debugger, dubbed WineDbg.

Wine implements most the the Windows' debugging API (the part in
KERNEL32, not the one in IMAGEHLP.DLL), and allows any program
(emulated or WineLib) using that API to debug a W-process.

WineDbg is a WineLib application making use of this API to allow
debugging both any Wine or WineLib applications as well as Wine itself 
(kernel and all DLLs).

II WineDbg's modes of invocation
================================

II.1 Starting a process
-----------------------
Any application (either a Windows' native executable, or a WineLib
application) can be run through WineDbg. Command line options and
tricks are the same than for wine:

winedbg telnet.exe
winedbg "hl.exe -windowed"

II.2 Attaching
--------------
WineDbg can also launched without any command line argument:
- WineDbg is started without any attached process. You can get a list
of running W-processes (and their wpid:s) using 'walk process'
command, and then, with the attach command, pick up the wpid of the
W-process you want to debug.

This is (for now) a neat feature for the following reasons: 
* debug an already started application

II.3 On exception
-----------------
When something goes wrong, Windows track this as an
exception. Exceptions exist for segmentation violation, stack
overflow, division by zero...

When an exception occurs, Wine checks if the W-process is debugged. If
so, the exception event is sent to the debugger, which takes care of
it: end of the story. This mechanism is part of the standard Windows'
debugging API. 

If the W-process is not debugged, Wine tries to launch a
debugger. This debugger (normally WineDbg, see III Configuration for
more details), at startup, attaches to the W-process which generated
the exception event. In this case, you are able to look at the causes
of the exception, and either fix the causes (and continue further the
execution) or dig deeper to understand what went wrong.

If WineDbg is the standard debugger, the 'pass' and 'cont' commands
are the two ways to let the process go further for the handling of the 
exception event.

To be more precise on the way Wine (and Windows) generates exception
events, when a fault occurs (segmentation violation, stack
overflow...), the event is first sent to the debugger (this is know as 
a first chance exception). The debugger can give two answers:
- continue: the debugger had the ability to correct what's generated
the exception, and is now able to continue process execution.
- pass: the debugger couldn't correct the cause of the (first chance
exception). Wine will now try to walk the list of exception handlers
to see if one of them can handle the exception. If no exception
handler is found, the exception is sent once again to the debugger to
indicate the failure of the exception handling.

Note: since some of Wine's code uses exceptions and try/catch blocks
to provide some functionality, WineDbg can be entered in such cases
with segv exceptions. This happens, for example, with IsBadReadPtr
function. In that case, the pass command shall be used, to let the
handling of the exception to be done by the catch block in
IsBadReadPtr.

II.4 Quitting
-------------
Unfortunately, Windows' don't provide a detach kind of API, meaning
that once you started debugging a process, you must do so until the
process dies. Killing (or stopping/aborting) the debugger will also
kill the debugged process.
This will be true for any Windows' debugging API compliant debugger,
starting with WineDbg.

III Configuration
=================

III.1 Registry configuration
----------------------------
The Windows' debugging API uses a registry entry to know with debugger 
to invoke when an unhandled exception occurs (see II.3 for some
details).
Two values in key 
"MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\AeDebug"
determine the behavior:
+ Debugger: this is the command line used to launch the debugger (it
uses two printf formats (%ld) to pass context dependent information to 
the debugger). You should put here a complete path to your debugger
(WineDbg can of course be used, but any other Windows' debugging API
aware debugger will do).
+ Auto: if this value is zero, a message box will ask the user if
he/she wishes to launch the debugger when an unhandled exception
occurs. Otherwise, the debugger is automatically started.

A regular Wine registry looks like:
[MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\AeDebug] 957636538
"Auto"=dword:00000001
"Debugger"="/usr/local/bin/winedbg %ld %ld"

Note 1: creating this key is mandatory. Not doing so will not fire the
debugger when an exception occurs.

Note 2: wineinstall sets up this correctly. However, due to some
limitation of the registry installed, if a previous Wine installation
exists, it's safer to remove the whole 
[MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\AeDebug]
key before running again wineinstall to regenerate this key.

III.2 WineDbg configuration
---------------------------
WineDbg can be configured thru a number of options. Those options are
stored in the registry, on a per user basis. The key is (in *my*
registry) [eric\\Software\\Wine\\WineDbg]
Those options can be read/written while inside WineDbg, as part of the 
debugger expressions. To refer to one of this option, its name must be 
prefixed by a $ sign.
For example, 
set $BreakAllThreadsStartup = 1
sets the option 'BreakAllThreadsStartup' to TRUE.
All the options are read from the registry when WineDbg starts (if no
corresponding value is found, a default value is used), and are
written back to the registry when WineDbg exits (hence, all
modifications to those options are automatically saved when WineDbg
terminates).

Here's the list of all options:

III.2.1 Controling when the debugger is entered

BreakAllThreadsStartup  set to TRUE if at all threads start-up the
			debugger stops 
                        set to FALSE if only at the first thread
			startup of a given process the debugger stops.
			FALSE by default.
BreakOnCritSectTimeOut  set to TRUE if the debugger stops when a
			critical section times out (5 minutes);
			TRUE by default.
BreakOnAttach,		set to TRUE if when WineDbg attaches to an
			existing process after an unhandled exception,
			WineDbg shall be entered on the first attach
			event.
			Since the attach event is meaningless in the 
			context	of an exception event (the next event 
			which is the exception event is of course
			relevant), that option is likely to be FALSE.
BreakOnDllLoad		When set to TRUE, allows the debugger to be
			entered when a new DLL is loaded into the system.
			FALSE by default.
BreakOnFirstChance	an exception can generate two debug events.
			The first one is passed to the debugger (known
			as a first chance) just after the
			exception. The debugger can then decides
			either to resume execution (see winedbg's cont
			command) or pass the exception up to the
			exception handler chain in the program (if it
			exists) (winedbg implements this thru the pass
			command). If none of the exception handlers
			takes care of the exception, the exception
			event is sent again to the debugger (known as
			last chance exception). You cannot pass on a
			last exception. When the BreakOnFirstChance
			exception is TRUE, then winedbg is entered for
			both  first and last chance execptions (to
			FALSE, it's only entered for last chance exceptions).

III.2.1 Output handling

ConChannelMask          mask of active debugger output channels on
			console 
StdChannelMask          mask of active debugger output channels on
			stderr 

UseXTerm                set to TRUE if the debugger uses its own xterm
			window for console input/output 
                        set to FALSE is the debugger uses the current
			Unix console for input/output

Those last 3 variables are jointly used in two generic ways:
1/ default
 	ConChannelMask = DBG_CHN_MESG (1)
        StdChannelMask = 0
        UseXTerm = 1
In this case, all input/output goes into a specific xterm window (but
all debug messages TRACE/WARN... still goes to tty where wine is run
from).

2/ to have all input/output go into the tty where Wine was started
from (to be used in a X11-free environment)
	ConChannelMask = 0
        StdChannelMask = DBG_CHN_MESG (1)
        UseXTerm = 1

Those variables also allow, for example for debugging purposes, to
use: 
	ConChannelMask = 0xfff
        StdChannelMask = 0xfff
        UseXTerm = 1
This allows to redirect all WineDbg output to both tty Wine was
started from, and xterm debugging window. If Wine (or WineDbg) was
started with a redirection of stdout and/or stderr to a file (with for 
example >& shell redirect command), you'll get in that file both
outputs. It may be interesting to look in the relay trace for specific
values which the process segv:ed on.

III.2.3 Context information

ThreadId		ID of the W-thread currently examined by the
			debugger
ProcessId		ID of the W-thread currently examined by the
			debugger
<registers>		All CPU registers are also available

The ThreadId and ProcessId variables can be handy to set conditional
breakpoints on a given thread or process.

IV WineDbg commands
===================

IV.1 Misc
---------
abort		aborts the debugger
quit		exits the debugger

attach N	attach to a W-process (N is its ID). IDs can be
		obtained thru walk process command

help		prints some help on the commands
help info	prints some help on info commands

mode 16		switch to 16 bit mode
mode 32		switch to 32 bit mode

IV.2 Flow control
-----------------
cont		continue execution until next breakpoint or exception.
pass		pass the exception event up to the filter chain. 
step		continue execution until next C line of code (enters
		function call)
next 		continue execution until next C line of code (doesn't
		enter function call) 
stepi		execute next assembly instruction (enters function
		call)
nexti		execute next assembly instruction (doesn't enter
		function call)
finish		do nexti commands until current function is exited

cont, step, next, stepi, nexti can be postfixed by a number (N),
meaning that the command must be executed N times.

IV.3 Breakpoints, watch points
------------------------------
enable N	enables (break|watch)point #N
disable N	disables (break|watch)point #N
delete N	deletes  (break|watch)point #N
cond N		removes any a existing condition to (break|watch)point N
cond N <expr>	adds condition <expr> to (break|watch)point N. <expr>
		will be evaluated each time the breakpoint is hit. If
		the result is a zero value, the breakpoint isn't
		triggered 
break * N	adds a breakpoint at address N
break <id>	adds a breakpoint at the address of symbol <id>
break <id> N	adds a breakpoint at the address of symbol <id> (N ?)
break N		adds a breakpoint at line N of current source file
break		adds a breakpoint at current $pc address
watch * N	adds a watch command (on write) at address N (on 4 bytes)
watch <id>	adds a watch command (on write) at the address of
		symbol <id>
info break	lists all (break|watch)points (with state)

IV.4 Stack manipulation
-----------------------
bt		print calling stack of current thread
up		goes up one frame in current thread's stack
up N		goes up N frames in current thread's stack
dn		goes down one frame in current thread's stack
dn N		goes down N frames in current thread's stack
frame N		set N as the current frame
info local	prints information on local variables for current
		function 

IV.5 Directory & source file manipulation
-----------------------------------------
show dir
dir <pathname>
dir
symbolfile <pathname>

list		lists 10 source lines from current position
list - 		lists 10 source lines before current position
list N		lists 10 source lines from line N in current file
list <path>:N	lists 10 source lines from line N in file <path>
list <id>	lists 10 source lines of function <id>
list * N	lists 10 source lines from address N

You can specify the end target (to change the 10 lines value) using
the ','. For example:
list 123, 234 	lists source lines from line 123 up to line 234 in
		current file
list foo.c:1,56	lists source lines from line 1 up to 56 in file foo.c

IV.6 Displaying
---------------
a display is an expression that's evaluated and printed after the
execution of any WineDbg command

display		lists the active displays
info display	(same as above command)
display <expr>	adds a display for expression <expr>
display /fmt <expr>	adds a display for expression <expr>. Printing 
		evaluated <expr> is done using the given format (see
		print command for more on formats)
del display N	deletes display #N
undisplay N	(same as del display)

IV.7 Disassembly
----------------
disas		disassemble from current position
disas <expr>	disassemble from address <expr>
disas <expr>,<expr>disassembles code between addresses specified by
		the two <expr>

IV.8 Information on Wine's internals
------------------------------------
info class <id>	prints information on Windows's class <id>
walk class	lists all Windows' class registered in Wine
info share	lists all the dynamic libraries loaded the debugged
		program (including .so files, NE and PE DLLs)
info module N	prints information on module of handle N
walk module	lists all modules loaded by debugged program
info queue N	prints information on Wine's queue N
walk queue	lists all queues allocated in Wine
info regs	prints the value of CPU register
info segment N	prints information on segment N
info segment	lists all allocated segments
info stack	prints the values on top of the stack
info map	lists all virtual mappings used by the debugged
		program 
info wnd N	prints information of Window of handle N
walk wnd	lists all the window hierarchy starting from the
		desktop window
walk wnd N	lists all the window hierarchy starting from the
		window of handle N
walk process	lists all w-processes in Wine session
walk thread	lists all w-threads in Wine session
walk modref	(no longer avail)

IV.9 Memory (reading, writing, typing)

x <expr>	examines memory at <expr> address
x /fmt <expr>	examines memory at <expr> address using format /fmt
print <expr>	prints the value of <expr> (possibly using its type)
print /fmt <expr>	prints the value of <expr> (possibly using its
		type) 
set <lval>=<expr>	writes the value of <expr> in <lval> 
whatis <expr>	prints the C type of expression <expr>

/fmt is either /<letter> or /<count><letter>
letter can be	
		s => an ASCII string
		u => an Unicode UTF16 string
		i => instructions (disassemble)
		x => 32 bit unsigned hexadecimal integer
		d => 32 bit signed decimal integer
		w => 16 bit unsigned hexadecimal integer
		c => character (only printable 0x20-0x7f are actually
		     printed) 
		b => 8 bit unsigned hexadecimal integer

V Other debuggers
=================

V.1 Using other Unix debuggers
------------------------------
You can also use other debuggers (like gdb), but you must be aware of
a few items:
- you need to attach the unix debugger to the correct unix process
(representing the correct windows thread) (you can "guess" it from a
'ps fax' for example: When running the emulator, usually the first
two upids are for the Windows' application running the desktop, the
first thread of the application is generally the third upid; when
running a WineLib program, the first thread of the application is
generally the first upid)

Note: even if latest gdb implements the notion of threads, it won't
work with Wine because the thread abstraction used for implementing
Windows' thread is not 100% mapped onto the linux posix threads
implementation. It means that you'll have to spawn a different gdb
session for each Windows' thread you wish to debug.

V.2 Using other Windows debuggers
---------------------------------
You can use any Windows' debugging API compliant debugger with
Wine. Some reports have been made of success with VisualStudio
debugger (in remote mode, only the hub runs in Wine).
GoVest fully runs in Wine.

V.3 Main differences between winedbg and regular Unix debuggers
---------------------------------------------------------------

+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|             WineDbg              |                 gdb             |
+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|WineDbg debugs a Windows' process:|gdb debugs a Windows' thread:    |
|+ the various threads will be     |+ a separate gdb session is      |
|  handled by the same WineDbg     |  needed for each thread of      |
| session                          |  Windows' process               |
|+ a breakpoint will be triggered  |+ a breakpoint will be triggered |
|  for any thread of the w-process |  only for the w-thread debugged |
+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|WineDbg supports debug information|gdb supports debug information   |
|from:                             |from:                            |
|+ stabs (standard Unix format)    |+ stabs (standard Unix format)   |
|+ Microsoft's C, CodeView, .DBG   |                                 |
+----------------------------------+---------------------------------+

VI Limitations
==============

+ 16 bit processes are not supported (but calls to 16 bit code in 32 
  bit applications is).
+ there are reports of debugger's freeze when loading large PDB files

Last updated: 6/14/2000 by ericP